Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41404522›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in robotics and AI2025

Imitation learning for legged robot locomotion: a survey.

Khojasteh Z Mirza, Shubham Singh

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in robotics and AI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Diffusion models in robotics: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Khojasteh Z MirzaFriedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
Shubham SinghThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Imitation learning (IL) has fundamentally transformed the field of legged robot locomotion, removing the dependence on hand-engineered reward functions. Since 2019, this area of research has progressed rapidly, from simple motion-capture replication to the generation of sophisticated policies using diffusion models. This survey offers a comprehensive analysis of 35 pivotal research works, using a structured six-dimensional framework to investigate advancements using quadrupedal and humanoid platforms. The review also pinpoints significant challenges related to deployment and outlines new research directions. A key finding from the survey indicates that behavior cloning is utilized in almost half of the analyzed studies. Moreover, data generated through model-predictive control (MPC) now represents the most frequently used training data source for advanced imitation learning systems.

Indexed as

imitation learninglegged roboticslocomotion controlreinforcement learningsim-to-real transfer

Identifiers

PMID41404522
PMCPMC12702866

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.