ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Risks of pelvic inflammatory disease and bacterial vaginosis in adenomyosis patients using levonorgestrel intrauterine device or oral norethindrone.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Inducing factors and complication risks of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Patients with adenomyosis frequently experience menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG-IUD) and oral norethindrone are widely used non-surgical treatment options. However, their associated risks of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) have not been well reported in the previous studies. Methods: This multi-institutional retrospective analysis was performed using de-identified electronic health records from the TriNetX Research Network. Patients with adenomyosis treated with LNG-IUD or oral norethindrone were identified. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted to control for potential confounding variables. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the outcomes of the patient group with hemoglobin (Hb) ≥10 g/dL or Hb <10 g/dL. Primary outcomes include risks of PID and BV. Secondary outcomes included risks of severe anemia (Hb < 10 g/dL), breast cancer, mood disorder, and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) >35 U/mL. Results: After PSM, the LNG-IUD group showed a significantly lower risk of PID (hazard ratio (HR) 0.545; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.483-0.616) and Hb <10 g/dL (HR 0.850; 95% CI 0.775-0.932) compared with the oral norethindrone group. In contrast, the risk of BV was significantly higher in the LNG-IUD group (HR 1.223; 95% CI 1.116-1.342). No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding associated breast cancer, mood disorder, or CA-125 ≥ 35 U/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that in patients with adenomyosis, treatment with LNG-IUD, compared with oral norethindrone, was associated with a lower risk of PID and severe anemia (Hb < 10 g/dL) but a higher risk of BV.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.