Non-communicable Diseases Among Tribal Populations in India: Epidemiology, Social Determinants, and Tailored Public Health Approaches.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major public health concern among India's tribal populations, who face unique vulnerabilities. Historically burdened by infectious diseases and malnutrition, tribal communities are now undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition, with rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and cancers. Behavioral risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, poor nutrition, and declining traditional food practices intersect with socio-economic disadvantages, low health literacy, and limited healthcare access to exacerbate this burden. Women and Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are disproportionately affected. Despite national policies and tribal health initiatives, barriers, including cultural mismatch of interventions, infrastructure gaps, and poverty, persist. This narrative review highlights epidemiological evidence, social determinants, and systemic barriers shaping NCD outcomes among Indian tribes. It further emphasizes the need for culturally sensitive, community-driven, and equity-focused strategies to strengthen prevention, screening, and management, ultimately reducing health disparities.