Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41403167›Full record

ArticleInternational health2025

Impact of evidence-based programmatic adaptations in addressing the persistence and recrudescence of trachoma in Kajiado County, Kenya.

Samuel O Eshitemi, Laura G Senyonjo, Esther A Shiraho, Alexandre Chailloux, Titus Watitu, Wyckliff P Omondi, Sammy M Njenga, Michael K Kamuyu, Moses Chege, Diana L Martin and 5 more

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Article in International health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Samuel O EshitemiNTD Department, Sightsavers, P.O. Box 34690 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID 0000-0003-1980-380X
Laura G SenyonjoEvidence, Research and Innovations Department, Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH16 3BW, UK.
Esther A ShirahoNTD Department, Sightsavers, P.O. Box 34690 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Alexandre ChaillouxEvidence, Research and Innovations Department, Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH16 3BW, UK.
Titus WatituNeglected Tropical Diseases and Vector Bourne Unit, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 30016 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Wyckliff P OmondiNeglected Tropical Diseases and Vector Bourne Unit, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 30016 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Sammy M NjengaEastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840 (00200) Nairobi, Kenya.
Michael K KamuyuNTD Department, Sightsavers, P.O. Box 34690 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Moses ChegeNTD Department, Sightsavers, P.O. Box 34690 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Diana L MartinDepartment of Health and Human Services, Centers for Diseases Control, 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Sarah GwynDepartment of Health and Human Services, Centers for Diseases Control, 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1856-3165
Emma Harding-EschFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
Peter OtindaNTD Department, Sightsavers, P.O. Box 34690 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Ernest BarasaNeglected Tropical Diseases and Vector Bourne Unit, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 30016 (00100) Nairobi, Kenya.
Rebecca OengaDepartment of Medical Services, Kajiado County, P.O. Box 3 (01100), Kajiado, Kenya.

Funding

Children's Investment Fund FoundationCoalition for Operational Research on Neglected Tropical DiseasesELMA FoundationGates FoundationSightsavers Accelerate programmeThe Task Force for Global Health primarily OPP1190754United States Agency for International Development Q72520
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundConfirmatory trachoma-plus surveys conducted in 2021 revealed persistent and recrudescent trachoma transmission in Kajiado West, South and Central subcounties. These findings prompted targeted investigations and programmatic adaptations to improve intervention effectiveness.

methodsMass drug administration (MDA) coverage improvements were validated through Coverage Evaluation Surveys (CESs). Impact was monitored via prevalence surveys from 2021 to 2024, which included ocular swabs and dried blood spots (DBS) from children. Ocular swabs were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) using GeneXpert IV PCR, while DBS were analysed for anti-Pgp3 antibodies using a multiplex bead assay.

resultsCESs showed significant increases in MDA coverage: Kajiado West (56.9% to 88.2%), South (81.2% to 95.3%) and Central (69.3% to 95.3%). Trachomatous inflammation-follicular prevalence declined in all subcounties-Kajiado West (13.8% to 6.6%), South (8.1% to 5.2%), Central (18.0% to 8.0%)-and Ct infection rates dropped below 1%. Seroconversion rate trends varied, with increases in West and Central and a decrease in South.

conclusionsThe programmatic adaptations were effective in achieving high treatment coverage and in reducing active trachoma and infection, with varying trends in transmission dynamics. This resulted in major progress towards elimination of trachoma and areas with residual infection requiring closer monitoring to sustain progress.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsMass Drug AdministrationTrachomaChildChild, PreschoolChlamydia trachomatisFemaleHumansInfantKenyaMalePrevalenceRecurrenceAnti-Bacterial Agentscoveragedigital toolseliminationpersistencerecrudescencetrachoma

Identifiers

PMID41403167
PMCPMC12709044

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.