ArticlePediatric research2026
Varied human milk oligosaccharides in human milk from mothers treated with antidepressants and anti-inflammatories.
Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundant carbohydrates in human milk, providing infants with numerous health benefits, but it is not known whether maternal medications could affect them. We aimed to study the association between antidepressant and anti-inflammatory medication use and HMO composition in human milk.
methodsThis study included 544 human milk samples from the UC San Diego Human Milk Biorepository collected between October 2014 and November 2022 from participants treated with antidepressants, anti-inflammatories, or neither. Concentrations of 19 HMOs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and compared between groups stratified by secretor status.
resultsIn secretors (n = 390), total HMO concentrations were significantly lower in samples exposed to antidepressants and anti-inflammatories than in unexposed samples, median (Interquartile Range [IQR]) 12.43 (5.32) and 12.71 (4.94) vs 16.10 (2.25) mmol/L, but not in non-secretors (n = 154). In both secretors and non-secretors, samples exposed to antidepressants had higher percentages of several fucosylated oligosaccharides than unexposed.
conclusionsThe HMO composition varied between human milk samples from mothers treated with antidepressant and anti-inflammatory medications and mothers treated with neither. Whether these associations are causal or could affect breastfed infants requires further investigation. The findings do not discourage the use of these medications during lactation. IMPACT: In human milk, maternal treatment with antidepressants and anti-inflammatories was associated with higher levels of several fucosylated oligosaccharides, particularly among antidepressant users, a trend toward lower sialylated and non-fucosylated, non-sialylated oligosaccharide levels, and lower total human milk oligosaccharide concentrations among secretors. It is unknown whether these associations are causal, and the overall clinical implications of these findings for the breastfed infant are not clear. Potential effects of maternal mood and inflammatory disorders also need to be clarified. These findings should not discourage the use of anti-inflammatory or antidepressant medication during lactation when the use is medically indicated.
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