Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41402540›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

A quantitative characterization of antibiotic resistance and its influencing factors in hospital wastewaters across Lebanon.

Stephanie Greige, Lama Ramadan, Josephine Al-Alam, Moustapha Harb, Mahmoud Wazne

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Stephanie GreigeDepartment of Civil Engineering, Lebanese American University, 309 Bassil Building, Byblos, Lebanon. stephanie.greige@lau.edu.lb.
Lama RamadanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA.
Josephine Al-AlamDepartment of Civil Engineering, Lebanese American University, 309 Bassil Building, Byblos, Lebanon.
Moustapha HarbDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA.
Mahmoud WazneDepartment of Civil Engineering, Lebanese American University, 309 Bassil Building, Byblos, Lebanon. mahmoud.wazne@lau.edu.lb.

Funding

President Intramural Research Fund (PIRF) of the Lebanese American University PIRF- I0065
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance poses global environmental and public health challenges, with hospital wastewater serving as a critical reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). This study evaluated the diversity and abundance of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and microbial communities in wastewaters of 13 hospitals across Lebanon. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing showed the microbial compositions of wastewaters to be widely variable. Procrustes analysis revealed that these differences influenced wastewater ARG/MGE profiles. High throughput qPCR showed that genes associated with integrons, transposons, plasmids, and insertion sequences were highly prevalent, with 14 genes detected at ≥ 0.01 copies per 16 S rRNA gene copy. Genes conferring resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and sulfonamides were the most abundant. Network analysis identified significant co-occurrence patterns among microbial communities, MGEs, and ARGs, highlighting the potential for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) facilitated by specific transposons and integrons associated with particular microbial hosts. Several physicochemical parameters of the wastewaters also showed strong correlations with ARGs, MGEs, and microbes, suggesting that water quality may influence resistance dissemination. These findings underscore the critical need for monitoring of factors influencing ARG dynamics in hospital systems to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance from clinical settings into the environment.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBacteriaDrug Resistance, BacterialGenes, BacterialWastewaterDNA, BacterialGene Transfer, HorizontalHospitalsInterspersed Repetitive SequencesLebanonRNA, Ribosomal, 16SWaste Disposal, FluidAnti-Bacterial AgentsDNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 16SWastewaterAntibiotic resistance genesHigh-throughput quantitative PCRHorizontal gene transferHospital wastewaterMicrobial communityMobile genetic elements

Identifiers

PMID41402540
PMCPMC12808780

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.