ArticleJPRAS open2026
Smiling in the East and the West: Anatomical, cultural and sociological considerations in facial reanimation surgery.
Article in JPRAS open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
The importance of the smile as a means of communicative and metacommunicative signal in social engagement has been known and highlighted in studies dating back to the early 19th century. It remains a cornerstone of reconstructive surgeries for the paralyzed face. This paper calls attention to the differences between the Eastern and Western smile. Anatomical, cultural, and sociological peculiarities inform the way these populations smile and the way smiling itself is perceived. Reconstructive surgery of today would benefit from considering these aspects and allowing them to individualize the goals of reanimation procedures.
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