ArticleJournal of advanced nursing2026
How Government Policies and Organisational and Sectoral Circumstances Influence Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant Employment and Training: A Realist Analysis Using Surveys.
Article in Journal of advanced nursing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
aimsTo explain how government policies affected decision-making on Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant employment and training within Dutch healthcare organisations, and how organisational and sectoral circumstances were influential.
designAn online, cross-sectional survey study.
methodsA literature- and interview-based program theory was tested using surveys. Respondents from hospital care, (nursing) home care, primary care, and intellectual disability services were recruited using convenience sampling. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and inferential tests. Open-ended responses were analysed using thematic synthesis techniques. Survey results were clustered to assess verification, falsification, or refinement of program theory elements.
resultsA total of 568 experts in hiring and training healthcare professionals participated. Respondents indicated that most government policies promoted employment and training. Organisational and sectoral circumstances caused significant variations in Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant deployment across healthcare sectors, shaping how decision-makers interpreted and acted on government policies. Specific circumstances within primary care hampered deployment.
conclusionGovernment policies stimulated training and employment by: (1) removing practice restrictions (scope of practice expansion, legal acknowledgment), (2) facilitating cost-effective training and deployment (training grants, billing options), (3) providing sectoral knowledge on deployment, training, and healthcare outcomes (funding research and a sectoral knowledge center), and (4) establishing sectoral agreements (on apprenticeships). Organisational and sectoral circumstances significantly influenced outcomes. Key circumstances included flanking policies, stakeholder support, labor market capacity, healthcare demand, organisational resources and aims, and type of decision-makers (medical doctor or manager/director). Familiarity with the professions stimulated deployment. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: The refined and verified program theory supports designing effective skill-mix policies and facilitating Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant employment and training. Tailoring skill-mix policies can optimise outcomes. This offers opportunities for governments, healthcare funders, organisations, and professionals to contribute to healthcare quality, cost efficiency, and patient satisfaction. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Healthcare professionals were part of the study population.
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