Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41399155›Full record

ArticlePest management science2026

Ethyl formate diluted with nitrogen is an effective biosecurity treatment for brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys).

Hamish L McKirdy, Simon J McKirdy, Robert N Emery, Tao Liu, Byung-Ho Lee, Junran Kim, Barbara Kachigunda, Bongsu Kim, Li Li, YongLin Ren

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pest management science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Hamish L McKirdyHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
Simon J McKirdyHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-5521
Robert N EmeryHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
Tao LiuChinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-7961
Byung-Ho LeeInstitute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.
Junran KimDepartment of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, South Korea.
Barbara KachigundaHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.
Bongsu KimDepartment of Plant Quarantine, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, South Korea.
Li LiChinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China.
YongLin Ren *Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4091-8812

Funding

Murdoch UniversityNational Key Research and Development Program of China
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (BSMB) is a biosecurity threat globally. Its most likely avenue of entry is via shipping transport of a multitude of commodities. Currently employed biosecurity treatments (methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride) pose several concerns including climate change, environmental and occupational health and safety. Ethyl formate with dilution in carbon dioxide has been shown to be an effective biosecurity treatment for controlling BMSB. Carbon dioxide is a known synergist in fumigation and is a greenhouse gas contributing to climate change.

resultsLaboratory and commercial-scale bioassays were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of ethyl formate in controlling diapausing and non-diapausing BMSB. In both trials and all treatment conditions, ethyl formate concentrations >12 mg L

conclusionThe results of this research show the commercial viability of ethyl formate, without dilution with carbon dioxide, as a biosecurity treatment for the control of BMSB, both non-diapausing and diapausing. These results will also assist in progressing the registration of the fumigant with relevant National Plant Protection Organisations. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Indexed as

Formic Acid EstersFumigationHeteropteraInsect ControlInsecticidesNitrogenAnimalsCarbon DioxideCarbon Dioxideethyl formateFormic Acid EstersInsecticidesNitrogendiapausingethyl formatefumigant and fumigationinsecticidepest controlpest management

Identifiers

PMID41399155
PMCPMC12976200

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.