Observational studyMedicine2025
A cross-sectional study of urinary sodium, cardiac remodeling, and the mediating role of insulin-like growth factor-1: Insights from the UK Biobank.
Observational study in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
High sodium intake is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but its precise relationship with cardiac remodeling and the potential mediating role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) remain less clear. This study investigates the association between estimated 24-hour urinary sodium levels and cardiac structure/function and explores whether IGF-1 mediates this relationship. This cross-sectional analysis included 28,618 participants from the UK Biobank with complete cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Estimated 24-hour urinary sodium was calculated from spot urine samples. Linear regression was used to assess associations between sodium and cardiac parameters (left ventricular mass [LVM], ejection fractions). Restricted cubic splines tested for nonlinear relationships. The Karlson-Holm-Breen method was used to analyze the mediating effect of IGF-1. After full adjustment for covariates, higher urinary sodium levels were significantly positively correlated with LVM (P < .01) and negatively correlated with left and right ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF, RVEF; P < .01). IGF-1 was found to be a significant partial mediator of the relationship between sodium and LVM (proportion mediated: 1.54%, P < .05). Significant nonlinear relationships were observed between sodium and both IGF-1 (nonlinear P = .008) and LVM (nonlinear P < .001). In this large community-based sample, higher urinary sodium excretion was associated with adverse cardiac remodeling. IGF-1 appears to partially mediate the relationship between sodium and LVM, which may represent a novel physiological pathway. The nonlinear nature of these associations warrants further investigation.
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