Trial reportInternational urology and nephrology2026
Low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave therapy with or without intravesical botulinum toxin A instillations for refractory interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a randomized double-blind trial of clinical and biomarker outcomes.
Trial report in International urology and nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Urinary Biomarkers in Interstitial Cystitis and Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring.International urogynecology journal · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIntravesical botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection effectively alleviates symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) but remains invasive. Low-energy shock-wave therapy (LESW) has emerged as a novel, noninvasive alternative. This study investigated whether LESW could enhance BoNT-A penetration through the urothelium and improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with refractory IC/BPS.
methodsIn this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial, 51 adults with refractory IC/BPS received four weekly suprapubic LESW sessions. Patients were then catheterized and instilled with either 100 U BoNT-A in 30 mL saline (LESW + BoNT-A, n = 25) or saline alone (LESW + NS, n = 26). The primary endpoint was the 4-week change in O'Leary-Sant symptom score (OSS). Secondary endpoints included pain visual analog scale (VAS), voiding diary parameters, urodynamic results, global response assessment, urinary biomarker levels, and safety during 8 weeks. The results for the total cohort, the LESW + BoNT-A group, and the LESW + NS group were reported separately.
resultsAcross the cohort, LESW, with or without BoNT-A, significantly reduced IC problem index and pain VAS at week 1, maintaining VAS improvement to week 8. LESW + BoNT-A induced only transient ICPI reduction, whereas LESW + NS further improved OSS, voided volume, and nocturia. BoNT-A instillation after LESW offered no advantage over saline. Urinary eotaxin and prostaglandin E₂ increased after BoNT-A, while 8-isoprostane decreased after saline. No urinary retention, hematuria or infection occurred in both groups.
conclusionLESW alone provides safe, short-term symptomatic relief for refractory IC/BPS. BoNT-A 100U weekly intravesical instillation after LESW modifies urinary biomarkers but lacks of additional clinical efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.