Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41395819›Full record

ArticleTherapeutic drug monitoring2026

Optimizing Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Lisa T Ringeling, Jiayi Liang, Hilal Cetin, Soma Bahmany, Rebecca A Hermans, Bram Dierckx, Birgit C P Koch, Brenda C M de Winter

Abstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph

Article in Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Lisa T RingelingDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.ORCID 0000-0002-9354-6429
Jiayi LiangDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.
Hilal CetinDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.
Soma BahmanyDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.
Rebecca A HermansDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.
Bram DierckxDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Birgit C P KochDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.
Brenda C M de WinterDepartment of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and.

Funding

ZonMw, Stichting de Merel, Erasmus MC Grant 10140022010011
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDried blood spot (DBS) sampling offers several advantages for therapeutic drug monitoring, including minimal invasiveness, low blood volume requirements, and potential for home sampling. However, obtaining spots of sufficient quality for reliable analysis remains a key challenge of DBS. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of enhanced visual and textual guidance on the quality of DBS by analyzing data from a prospective multicenter study involving children and adolescents.

methodsIn total, 108 DBS cards from 56 children were assessed for spot quality. Rejection criteria included spot diameter <6 mm, smeared or irregularly shaped spots, and overlapping spots. Approval and rejection rates, overall success rates of DBS cards, and the most common rejection reasons were compared between the groups that did and did not receive the enhanced visual and textual support (intervention).

resultsPre-intervention : 47.6% of the DBS cards contained at least 1 spot qualitatively acceptable for analysis, and 25.7% of all spots qualified for analysis. Post-intervention : the acceptance rates increased to 86.6% and 64.3%, respectively. In both the pre- and post-intervention groups , the most common reason for rejection was the presence of smeared or irregularly shaped spots.

conclusionsContinued improvements in DBS quality rely on effectively addressing challenges associated with home sampling challenges, which is critical for the seamless incorporation of DBS into clinical practice.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderDried Blood Spot TestingDrug MonitoringAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansMaleProspective Studiesautism spectrum disorder (ASD)dried blood spot (DBS)home samplingsampling guidancetherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)

Identifiers

PMID41395819
PMCPMC13344402

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.