ArticleSmall science2025
Embedded 3D Printing of Graphene Oxide-Containing, Chemically Crosslinkable Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Inks.
Article in Small science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Embedded 3D Printing of Graphene Oxide-Containing, Chemically Crosslinkable Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Inks.Small science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The incorporation of graphene-based materials into hydrogels enhances their mechanical, electroconductive, and antimicrobial properties, offering significant potential for biomedical applications. However, 3D printing graphene-containing inks may present challenges because of their unsuitable shape retention or the fact that the concentration of the graphene component can hinder photocrosslinking. This study explores embedded 3D printing to process a chemically crosslinkable poly(ethylene glycol) ink with a high (4% w/v) graphene oxide concentration (PEG/GO). Given the PEG/GO ink's insufficient shape retention and slow crosslinking, various support baths are screened, with the microparticulate bath of the crystal self-healing embedding bioprinting (CLADDING) method proving most effective. The interstitial solution of the CLADDING bath influences the mechanical properties of printed PEG/GO constructs. Multilayered PEG/GO cylindrical constructs with <500 μm filament width and up to 4.5 mm height (30 layers) are fabricated, presenting better tensile properties when printed within CLADDING in calcium chloride (vs. baths in crosslinking initiators). The surface of PEG/GO constructs is anti-adhesive toward human foreskin fibroblasts, and their extracts are cytocompatible. Hence, embedded 3D printing emerges as an innovative strategy to surpass limitations of shaping graphene-containing hydrogels into complex geometries, broadening the biomanufacturing possibilities for diverse biomedical applications requiring kPa-range mechanical properties.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.