ArticleClinical & translational immunology2025
Low-level human memory T and B cells recognising avian influenza hemagglutinins are poorly responsive to existing seasonal influenza vaccines.
Article in Clinical & translational immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Immunisation remains the most cost-effective mechanism to combat influenza infection and is widely employed against seasonal influenza viruses. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza A viruses represents a significant threat to human health given the lack of population-level immunity. Therefore, there is a need to better understand pre-existing cross-reactive human immunity against avian influenza strains, as highlighted by the recent global spread of avian H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b variants. Methods: Here, we quantified the frequencies and specificities of B and T cells recognising avian hemagglutinin (HA) within unexposed adults and characterised the ability of seasonal immunisation to boost cross-reactive immune responses to H5Nx strains, including from clade 2.3.4.4b. Results: Low but detectable serum antibody titres against H5 and H7 avian influenza HA were observed in donors. The frequency of memory B cells with cross-reactive recognition of H5 and H7 HA was below 0.13% and two- to five-fold lower than populations of seasonal HA-specific B cells. Boosting of B-cell responses against clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx HA following seasonal immunisation was sporadic with only three of 19 individuals showing an increased population of probe-positive cells. Cross-reactive B cells generally expressed immunoglobulins drawn from variable heavy chain genes associated with HA stem recognition. CD4 Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for avian influenza-specific vaccine products to bolster immunity in human populations. Such vaccines could aid pre-pandemic preparedness by expanding baseline frequencies of avian influenza-specific memory lymphocytes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.