ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Breach and restoration of retinal immune privilege: barrier failure, innate dysregulation, and adaptive autoimmunity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and the risk and prognosis of uveitis: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- LAG3 Gene Therapy Attenuates Autoimmune Uveitis by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Blood-Ocular Barrier Dysfunction in Uveitis: A Bidirectional Model Linking Pathogenesis, Clinical Monitoring, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- The eye as a gateway to the brain: mechanisms of ocular neuroinvasion by parasitic pathogens.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2026Article
- Pericytes as key mediators of microenvironmental signaling crosstalk: implications in vascular diseases and cancer.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Alopecia areata patients are associated with increased risk of glaucoma: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The retina preserves vision by tightly regulating inflammation ("immune privilege") via blood-retinal barriers, neuroglial checkpoints, and tolerogenic cues. This actively maintained-and potentially restorable-state is breached in major retinal diseases through three recurrent archetypes. We synthesize 2015-2025 advances into a framework of barrier failure, innate dysregulation, and adaptive autoimmunity. Across age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and non-infectious uveitis (NIU): AMD exhibits complement-microglia para-inflammation with later outer-barrier compromise; DR exemplifies inner-BRB failure with inflammatory amplification; RP begins with degeneration-triggered innate activation and progresses to combined innate-adaptive injury; NIU represents T-cell-driven breach of the blood-retinal barrier. Interventional human evidence supports immunity as a therapeutic target: complement inhibition slows geographic atrophy; anti-VEGF reduces leak; intravitreal corticosteroids suppress inflammatory edema; and anti-TNF/IL-6R improve refractory NIU. Emerging strategies aim at privilege restoration-reinforcing myeloid checkpoints, tempering inflammasomes, and exploring tolerance-oriented approaches to re-educate adaptive immunity. Evidence from preclinical and early translational studies indicates that ocular tissues can imprint regulatory/anergic programs on pathogenic T cells, supporting mechanism-aligned, patient-tailored immunotherapy as a testable route to restore regulation, mitigate inflammation, and slow degeneration.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.