Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41394831›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025

The gut-brain axis: potential reshaping the future of anti-NMDAR encephalitis treatment.

Changchang Shen, Yinyin Xie, Yi Xie, Lina Wang, Aoya Han, Xinru Zhou, Shijie Zhang, Xili Fu, Nanchang Xie

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Changchang ShenDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Yinyin XieDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Yi XieDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Lina WangDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Aoya HanDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Xinru ZhouDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Shijie ZhangDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Xili FuDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Nanchang XieDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a type of autoimmune encephalitis with a high disability rate. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear and warrants further elucidation to facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies. The gut microbiota can increase the permeability of the intestinal and blood-brain barriers by altering the levels of beneficial bacterial metabolites and pro-inflammatory factors. These alterations facilitate the migration of inflammatory factors and pathogenic autoantibodies to the central nervous system, thereby affecting the progression of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Therefore, interventions targeting the gut microbiota may be effective for regulating the pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. In this review, we discuss the association between an altered gut microbiota and associated changes in metabolite levels in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. To our knowledge, this review is the first to outline the effects of the gut microbiota on cytokine levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which may provide a new therapeutic perspective for this fatal disease.

Indexed as

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisBrainBrain-Gut AxisGastrointestinal MicrobiomeAnimalsAutoantibodiesBlood-Brain BarrierCytokinesHumansAutoantibodiesCytokinesanti-NMDAR encephalitisblood-brain barriergut microbial compositional shiftmetabolitestherapeutic potential

Identifiers

PMID41394831
PMCPMC12698647

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.