ArticleCureus2025
A Rare Case of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Triggered by Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for Bladder Cancer.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is widely used for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer but can rarely lead to severe systemic complications. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by fever, cytopenias, and organ dysfunction. We describe a 63-year-old man who developed HLH after re-induction BCG therapy. He presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and liver and kidney dysfunction. Laboratory tests revealed hyperferritinemia and elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels. Liver biopsy showed non-caseating granulomas without acid-fast bacilli, and bone marrow biopsy confirmed hemophagocytosis. Urine culture yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, consistent with prior BCG instillation. Treatment with high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and BCG-active antibiotics resulted in rapid recovery. This case illustrates that HLH is a rare but serious complication of intravesical BCG, and emphasizes the importance of early recognition and combined immunosuppressive and anti-mycobacterial therapy.
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