Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41392084›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Robust fast-switching black electrochromic windows based on solution-processed n-doped transparent organic conductor.

Won-June Lee, Palak Mehra, Jonathan R Thurston, Yanpei Tian, Xiaojie Liu, Sanket Samal, Liyan You, Inho Song, Xiulin Ruan, Michael F Toney and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Won-June LeeJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-0956
Palak MehraJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Jonathan R ThurstonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
Yanpei TianSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Xiaojie LiuJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Sanket SamalJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5136-2991
Liyan YouJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Inho SongJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9683-0804
Xiulin RuanSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-7449
Michael F ToneyDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-1166
Jianguo MeiJames Tarpo Jr. and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. jgmei@purdue.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-2715

Funding

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0023411
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electrochromic (EC) windows face trade-offs in cost, switching speed, color neutrality, and durability. We present solution-processed n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) as a robust organic conductor for black EC windows overcoming these limitations. Utilizing an engineered solvent ink and ultrasonic spray coating, we achieve uniform large-area n-PBDF deposition under ambient conditions without additives. n-PBDF EC electrodes show unprecedented weathering durability (maintaining performance under simultaneous exposure to light (including UV), heat, and humidity for >768 h), addressing a key barrier for organic EC materials. The electrodes exhibit deep black coloration with color neutrality, rapid switching (<2 s), and remarkable cycling stability (>20,000 cycles). Large-area EC devices demonstrate uniform switching performance, confirming scalable fabrication. Building energy simulations of the EC window reveal significant HVAC savings potential across diverse transitional climates. This work establishes n-PBDF as a scalable, high-performance alternative to conventional inorganic EC systems, advancing the viability of solution-processable smart windows for sustainable architecture.

Identifiers

PMID41392084
PMCPMC12808311

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.