Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41389045›Full record

ArticleNeuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society2026

Toward Individualized Deep Brain Stimulation: A Stereoelectroencephalography-Based Workflow for Neurostimulation Target Identification.

Jeremy Saal, Kelly Kadlec, Anusha B Allawala, Lucille Johnston, Ryan B Leriche, Ritwik Vatsyayan, Yiyuan Han, Audrey Kist, Tommaso Di Ianni, Heather E Dawes and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Jeremy SaalUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kelly KadlecUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anusha B AllawalaUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lucille JohnstonUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ryan B LericheUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ritwik VatsyayanUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Yiyuan HanUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Audrey KistUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Tommaso Di IanniUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Heather E DawesUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Edward F ChangUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
A Moses LeeUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Andrew D KrystalUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Khaled MoussawiUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Prasad ShirvalkarUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; UCSF Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Division of Pain Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kristin K SellersUCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: kristin.sellers@ucsf.edu.

Funding

Multisite adaptive brain stimulation for multidimensional treatment of refractory chronic painUH3NS115631 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SHIRVALKAR, PRASAD · 2019 to 2023
$6.9M
Responsive Neurostimulation for Treatment Resistant DepressionUH3NS123310 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI ANDREW D KRYSTAL · 2023 to 2026
$4.9M
Targeting DBS Therapy to the OCD Network Using fMRI and Intracranial RecordingsR21MH130914 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI LEE, ANDREW MOSES, MORRISON, MELANIE A · 2022 to 2023
$444k
NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH130914NINDS NIH HHS UH3 NS115631NINDS NIH HHS UH3 NS123310
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly being used to treat a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, many of which exhibit idiosyncratic symptom presentations and neural correlates across individuals. Thus, we have used inpatient stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) to identify personalized therapeutic stimulation sites for long-term implantation of DBS. Informed by our experience, we have developed a statistics-driven framework for stimulation testing to identify therapeutic targets. MATERIALS AND

methodsFourteen participants (major depressive disorder = 6, chronic pain = 6, obsessive-compulsive disorder = 2) underwent inpatient testing using sEEG and symptom monitoring to identify personalized stimulation targets for subsequent DBS implantation. We present a structured approach to this sEEG testing, integrating a Stimulation Testing Decision Tree with power analysis and effect size considerations to inform adequately powered results to detect therapeutic stimulation sites with statistical rigor.

resultsEffect sizes (Hedges' g) of stimulation-induced symptom score changes ranged from -1.5 to +2.39. The SD of sham trial responses was a strong predictor of stimulation response variability, as confirmed by a leave-one-out cross-validated linear regression (R

conclusionsThe presented workflow is adaptable to multiple indications and is specifically designed to overcome key challenges experienced during stimulation site testing. Through incorporating sham trials, effect size calculations, and tolerability testing, the described approach can be used to identify personalized and clinically efficacious stimulation sites.

Indexed as

Chronic PainDeep Brain StimulationElectroencephalographyMajor Depressive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive DisorderPrecision MedicineStereotaxic TechniquesWorkflowAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedClinical workflowdeep brain stimulationneurostimulationpersonalized targetsstereoelectroencephalography

Identifiers

PMID41389045
PMCPMC13313587

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.