Observational studyAnnals of medicine2025
Assessment properties of the Visual Analogue scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Face Pain Scale, and Pain Intensity Subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory in Albanian population with low back pain.
Observational study in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04131998 (Develop and Validation of Pain Assessment Tools, Back Pain Disability and Autonomy Questionnaires in Albanian Language), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Develop and Validation of Pain Assessment Tools, Back Pain Disability and Autonomy Questionnaires in Albanian Language
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comments on 'Assessment properties of the Visual Analogue Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, face pain Scale, and pain intensity subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory in Albanian population with low back pain'.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision Support in Rural Spine Care: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Orodispersible lidocaine film in palatine nerve block: a randomized, controlled and blind clinical trial.Odontology · 2026Article
- Ultrasonographic Knee Abnormalities and Their Association with Pain in Young Male Handball and Basketball Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Topical Pain Management: An Updated Review of Current Evidence and Emerging Strategies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Feasibility and associated factors of same-day discharge after hysteroscopic-laparoscopic surgery for infertility under ERAS: a prospective observational study.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPain intensity is the primary variable assessed in clinical trials for low back pain. A precise assessment of pain intensity is vital for the informed selection of medical and rehabilitation treatments; it represents a notable challenge in clinical settings.
methodsThe four pain intensity scales - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Faces Pain Scale (FPS), and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-IS) - were administered to 200 Albanian participants with low back pain at a regional healthcare center in Albania with a mean age of 69.77 and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.34. The mean of pain duration was 3.51 with a SD of 0.72. Participants were subsequently asked to assess four domains of pain intensity - worst pain, average pain, least pain over the past week, and current pain. The data collection occurred during the patients' initial visits for low back complaints. To assess the convergent validity of the scales - specifically, the relationship between each scale and a composite score of all measures, a principal components analysis was performed.
resultsThere were significant correlations among the four scales across all domains of pain intensity in the 200 participants. The screen test from the principal component analyses indicated that the four scales captured a single overarching domain for each of the four pain intensity areas, with the first eigenvalue ranging from 2.33 to 3.63 and the second from 0.16 to 0.43. Moreover, all the scales showed a strong loading on the single component that emerged. The four scales had the highest loading on 'current pain' component (>0.9).
conclusionThe VAS, NRS, FPS and BPI-IS are valid and can be used for the clinical and research implication in the Albanian population.
trial registrationThe study was registered at clinical trial.gov before the data collection with ID. NCT04131998.
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