ArticleGenome biology and evolution2026
The Golden Lancehead Genome Reveals Distinct Selective Processes Acting on Venom Genes of an Island Endemic Snake.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
High-quality genomic resources are important for accurate assessments of adaptive evolution in rapidly evolving island endemic species. The golden lancehead (Bothrops insularis) is a critically endangered venomous species endemic to the Queimada Grande island located on the southeast coast of Brazil, with no reference genome available. Here, we present a high-quality near chromosome-level and well-annotated genome for the golden lancehead. A macrosyntenic analysis using genomes from other viper species revealed that microchromosomes present higher rearrangements consisting of fission and fusion events. Using our genome and genomic data from eight individuals, we conducted a survey of the genetic variation of toxin genes, which included the nucleotide diversity and copy-number variation (CNV). We also inferred a demographic history for the species in the last 100,000 years. The genetic variation analysis revealed that major components of B. insularis venom appear to be evolving largely under natural selection processes rather than genetic drift as expected for an insular species. PLA2s and CTLs are under balancing selection, whereas SVMPs and SVSPs are under positive selection. The CNV suggests recent duplication events in SVMPs and CTLs and deletion events in SVSPs and PLA2s. The demographic history indicates a stable population size over the last 10,000 years, suggesting that B. insularis is both genetically and demographically healthy. Altogether, we provide a genomic resource to better understand the differentiation of an iconic snake and evidence that selection has driven the evolution of diverse venom genes over short evolutionary timescales in an insular species.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.