Trial reportScandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine2025
Effect of active external rewarming on esophageal temperature in simulated prehospital accidental hypothermia: a randomized crossover trial.
Trial report in Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06342726 (The Effect of Active External Rewarming on Rewarming Rate in Simulated Prehospital Accidental Hypothermia - an Experimental Field Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Active External Rewarming on Rewarming Rate in Simulated Prehospital Accidental Hypothermia - an Experimental Field Study
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Emergency care for avalanche buried patients - a narrative review.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrehospital rewarming is crucial to reduce mortality and improve outcomes in patients with accidental hypothermia. Although international guidelines recommend combining active external rewarming with passive rewarming, the effect of active external rewarming remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of active external rewarming compared to passive rewarming in cold-stressed, nonshivering volunteers.
methodsThis randomized, crossover field study aimed to recruit 12 participants and was performed in May/June 2024 in Lom, Norway. The participants were dressed in wet clothing and placed in a - 2 °C ice tunnel for 2 h or until their esophageal temperature reached 35 °C. Endogenous thermoregulation, most importantly shivering, was suppressed using a drug protocol. After cooling, their wet clothes were removed, and they were rewarmed using either a combination of three different sources of active rewarming combined with passive rewarming (intervention) or passive rewarming only (control) while lying supine on a sleeping pad. The rewarming phase lasted for one hour. The primary outcome was the mean change in esophageal temperature analyzed using analysis of covariance. Secondary outcomes included mean skin temperature rewarming rates and subjective comfort scores.
resultsEleven participants completed the trial twice in a crossover fashion. The active rewarming group showed a mean increase in the esophageal temperature of 0.15 °C (- 0.16 °C to 0.45 °C), whereas the passive rewarming group experienced a mean decrease of - 0.05 °C (- 0.33 °C to 0.23 °C), indicating a difference in rewarming rate between the active and passive rewarming groups of 0.2 °C/h (-0.03 °C to 0.42 °C). Skin temperature rewarming rate was 1.5 °C/h higher in the active rewarming group than in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant. The subjective comfort scores favored active rewarming.
conclusionThe results from a simulated prehospital setting indicate that active warming may increase rewarming rates in accidental hypothermia treatment. Importantly, active warming may contribute to avoid a further drop in temperature during initial phases of treatment in cold environments.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06342726. Registered 26.03.2024.
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