Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41387817›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

Trends, challenges, and outcomes of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a ten-year study in Cologne (2012-2022).

Dominic Rauschning, Jomana Reusch, Natalie Funke, Clara Lehmann, Eva Scharnowski, Angela Klingmüller, Alexander Simonis, Victor Suárez, Julia Fischer, Gerd Fätkenheuer and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Dominic RauschningDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Jomana ReuschInstitute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Natalie FunkeHealth department of the City of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Clara LehmannDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Eva ScharnowskiMVZ Hautarztpraxis Wilmersdorf, Berlin, Germany.
Angela KlingmüllerDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Alexander SimonisDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Victor SuárezCenter for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Julia FischerDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Gerd FätkenheuerDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Margot DenfeldHealth department of the City of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Martin HellmichInstitute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Jan RybnikerDepartment I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
Florian Neuhann *Health department of the City of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Isabelle Suárez *Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 6, Cologne, 50937, Germany. isabelle.suarez@uk-koeln.de.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundExtrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment and generally receives less attention than pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of tuberculosis (TB) patients reported to the public health department of Cologne from 2012 to 2022 focussing on EPTB, its epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment protocols, within a major German city. A subgroup analysis of EPTB patients (2012-2019, n = 254) examined diagnostic accuracy, treatment regimens, and adherence.

resultsOf 1,003 notified TB diagnoses, 33% (329/1,003) were identified as EPTB, with lymph nodes being the most frequently affected site. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the predominant pathogen. EPTB was significantly more prevalent among individuals from countries with high TB incidence rates (41%, p < 0.001) compared to those from regions with moderate or low incidence. Direct pathogen detection was most frequently achieved by tissue culture (163/199, 82%), followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; 161/205, 79%). The standard combination therapy was used in > 95% of patients, aligning to national guidelines. In contrast to declining PTB incidence, EPTB remained stable. Overall documented treatment success rate (79%) fell short of the WHO target (≥90%), underscoring the need for improved case management and reporting strategies.

conclusionsEnhanced awareness, specialised care, and targeted interventions for migrant populations are critical to achieving global TB control objectives.

Indexed as

TuberculosisAdolescentAdultAgedAntitubercular AgentsChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGermanyHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesTuberculosis, ExtrapulmonaryYoung AdultAntitubercular AgentsDiagnosticsExtrapulmonary tuberculosisIncidenceMigrationTreatment

Identifiers

PMID41387817
PMCPMC12853801

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.