ArticleScientific reports2025
Strength enhancement of calcium carbide residue-stabilized clay with perlite powder and water treatment sludge.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Stabilization of highly expansive clay using synergistic EAF slag and water treatment sludge: a mechanical performance study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Clay soils, particularly kaolinite, often exhibit low strength and high deformation, necessitating stabilization for geotechnical applications. This study investigates the potential of calcium carbide residue (CCR) and its partial substitution with perlite powder (PP) and water treatment sludge (WTS) to enhance the strength and microstructure of kaolinite clay. To capture both mechanical response and structural evolution, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were conducted at 7, 28, and 56 days of curing. The microstructural changes were also investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses to reveal cementitious gel formation. The findings show that the addition of 4% CCR increased UCS by about 10 times to 1395 kPa, while partial replacement with 25% PP and 10% WTS further enhanced UCS by nearly 14 times, reaching 1783 and 1744 kPa, respectively. Similarly, UPV increased from approximately 280 m/s in untreated clay to over 1500 m/s in stabilized blends, indicating a denser and more cohesive microstructure. The results of secant modulus (E
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