Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41387686›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Fully heterogeneous prepare-and-measure quantum network for the next stage of quantum internet.

Feng-Yu Lu, Ze-Hao Wang, Yao Zhou, Yu-Xuan Fan, Shuang Wang, Zhen-Qiang Yin, Jian Li, De-Yong He, Fang-Xiang Wang, Wei Chen and 3 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Feng-Yu Lu *Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
Ze-Hao Wang *Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-9827
Yao Zhou *Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6030-9104
Yu-Xuan FanLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
Shuang WangLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. wshuang@ustc.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-1613
Zhen-Qiang YinLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. yinzq@ustc.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-3934
Jian LiSchool of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6979-4510
De-Yong HeLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4183-6950
Fang-Xiang WangLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-3440
Wei ChenLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-789X
Kaiping XueHefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-7523
Guang-Can GuoLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
Zheng-Fu HanLaboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6849-0574

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The quantum internet promises unparalleled capabilities that are provably impossible with the classical internet. However, current quantum networks are often designed with dedicated systems for specified tasks, which hinders the openness and diversity of future quantum internet. To address these limitations, this work proposes a fully heterogeneous quantum network accompanied with several techniques. Our proposal allows users to access the network using any mainstream systems or even partial systems. The network also enables the execution of multiple distinct quantum tasks and provides opportunities for global optimization and cost-efficient design. A five-node quantum network featuring heterogeneous nodes has been implemented, demonstrating the superiority of our proposal through tasks such as quantum key distribution, quantum digital signature, quantum Byzantine agreement, and quantum conference. Notably, the experiment represents the first demonstration of multi-malicious node quantum Byzantine agreement in a quantum network.

Identifiers

PMID41387686
PMCPMC12749763

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.