Small molecule intervention of actin-binding protein profilin1 reduces tumor angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma.

Angiogenesis plays a key role in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Actin-binding protein profilin1 (Pfn1) is overexpressed in clear cell RCC predominantly in tumor-associated vascular endothelial cells (ECs). We previously demonstrated that EC-selective (over)expression of Pfn1 accelerates RCC progression, and conversely, genetic loss of EC-Pfn1 dramatically inhibits tumor angiogenesis impeding tumor initiation and/or progression in RCC, suggesting that Pfn1 could be an actionable therapeutic target in RCC. In this study, we demonstrate that 4,4'-((4-bromophenyl)methylene)bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole), a small molecule that we had previously identified as an inhibitor of Pfn1-actin interaction, directly binds to Pfn1 and attenuates tumor angiogenesis when directly administered into subcutaneous RCC tumors. Next, we undertook a chemical optimization approach to design and synthesize 4,4'-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methylene)bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole), a structural analog of our originally identified inhibitor, that exhibits improved antiangiogenic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that Pfn1 inhibitor is amenable to lipid microbubble encapsulation and release in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by ultrasound-mediated disruption of circulating microbubbles to achieve anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor benefit. In summary, our findings suggest that tumor-localized release of Pfn1 inhibitor could be a potential therapeutic strategy in RCC.