ArticleMedical care2026
The Association Between Self-Reported Types of Toxic Exposures and Symptom Severity Among Gulf War Era Veterans.
Article in Medical care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Health Care for Military Environmental Exposure Concerns.Medical care · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGulf War illness is a chronic multisymptom illness impacting Veterans of the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War. Toxic exposures are believed to be associated with the condition, but little is known about how multiple types of exposures can impact the disease. The aim of this study is to determine if a positive association exists between the multiplicity of exposure types and symptom severity score.
methodsA cross-sectional survey design was used in which Persian Gulf Veterans completed a questionnaire with items related to symptom severity and types of self-reported toxic exposures. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between the number of types of toxic exposures and symptom severity scores. We also examined the association between each type of reported exposure and symptom severity score.
resultsVeterans with a greater number of self-reported toxic exposures reported higher scores on symptom severity. While no individual exposure type reached a statistically significant association with symptom score, radiation and biological agent exposures showed the strongest association. DISCUSSION: We found a positive association between the number of toxic exposure types and total symptom severity. Veterans who self-reported having Gulf War Illness also reported more types of toxic exposures compared with Veterans who did not report having Gulf War Illness. Radiation and biological agent exposure showed the strongest positive association with symptom scores, yet very few Veterans reported isolated exposure of these types. Our findings suggest that cumulative exposure to multiple types of toxins could be associated with the development and severity of Gulf War Illness symptoms.
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