Evidence for the Loss of Pneumatization and Pneumosteal Tissues in Secondarily Aquatic Archosaurs.

P J Byrne, N D Smith, E R Schachner, D J Bottjer, A K Huttenlocker

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Integrative organismal biology (Oxford, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

P J ByrneDepartment of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 101 Northern Blvd, Glen Head, NY 11545, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6647-5019

N D SmithDinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 W Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.

E R SchachnerDepartment of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-925X

D J BottjerDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.

A K HuttenlockerDivision of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, BMT 1333, San Pablo St, CA 90033, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The evolutionary origins of the avian air sac pulmonary system are enigmatic due to the rarity of soft-tissue preservation in fossils. Here, we test whether fine anchoring fibers on the endosteal bone of bird and non-avian dinosaur vertebrae-termed "pneumosteum"-are absent in taxa lacking pneumatic openings. We studied thin sections from the caudalmost cervical and cranial dorsal vertebrae of 21 extant amniotes to infer the presence or absence of invading diverticula through vertebral foramina. We also provide a differential diagnosis of the structural features of pneumosteum. We found that the secondarily aquatic Western grebe (

Identifiers

PMID41383558

DOI10.1093/iob/obaf039

PMCPMC12690268

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.