ArticleScientific reports2025
Influence of heating rate and soak time on microwave sintered hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics for bone applications.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Calcium phosphate-based bio-ceramics, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), have gained prominence in biomedical engineering due to their biocompatibility and resemblance to natural bone mineral. However, the non-degradability of HA and the rapid resorption of β-TCP pose challenges for bone scaffold applications. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) composites, combining HA and β-TCP, offer a promising solution by achieving a controlled degradation profile. In this study, HA-TCP ceramics were fabricated using a novel microwave sintering technique to investigate the influence of ramp temperature rate and soak time on the microstructural and mechanical properties of sintered pellets. A ceramic composite with an 80:20 weight ratio of TCP and HA was prepared, and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) binder was used to optimize pellet formation. The sintering process was conducted at 1200 °C under varying heating rates (15 °C/min, 25 °C/min, and 35 °C/min) and soak times (30, 45, and 60 min). Results revealed that a ramp temperature rate of 35 °C/min with a soak time of 45 min achieved optimal outcomes, including reduced porosity (26.158%) and increased compressive strength (39.15 MPa). Higher heating for a longer time leads to phase change from β-TCP to α-TCP. Additionally, prolonged soak time during slow cooling resulted in phase transformations from α-TCP to β-TCP, which impacted the mechanical properties. Microwave sintering demonstrated significant advantages, including reduced processing time, energy efficiency, and enhanced densification. This study establishes optimized parameters for the fabrication of HA-TCP ceramics with tailored porosity and mechanical properties, providing a foundation for the development of advanced bone scaffolds in biomedical engineering.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.