1 km HILDA + based land cover/use map time series of China under 1.5 °C climate of this century.

Limiting the global temperature rise in this century to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels has become a critical challenge. One key pathway involves actions in the land sector. Forecasts of land cover/use maps can provide valuable insights for guiding such actions, but the reliability of maps strongly depends on the accuracy of the baseline land cover/use map. In this study, we selected an accurate land cover/use map-HIstoric Land Dynamics Assessment+ (HILDA+), harmonized with multiple historical land cover/use maps-as the baseline land cover/use map. Additionally, we selected a future scenario that aims to achieve the 1.5 °C target and takes into account nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This scenario assumes that all parties would adhere to their submitted NDCs. We forecasted land cover/use maps at a spatial resolution of 1 km from 2020 to 2100 at a 10-year interval in China by integrating the Global Change Analysis Model, the Land-N2N model, and HILDA + land cover/use maps. These maps provide scientific guidance to support land management in addressing climate crises.