Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41380585›Full record

ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2026

Fentanyl test strip use and homelessness among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.

Julia E Noguchi, Yu Li, Carolyn J Park, Jacqueline E Goldman, Leah C Shaw, Jane A Buxton, Scott E Hadland, Susan G Sherman, Katie B Biello, Brandon D L Marshall

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Julia E NoguchiDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: julia.noguchi@yale.edu.
Yu LiDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: yu_li1@brown.edu.
Carolyn J ParkDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: carolyn_park@brown.edu.
Jacqueline E GoldmanDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: jacqueline_goldman@brown.edu.
Leah C ShawDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: leah_shaw@brown.edu.
Jane A BuxtonBritish Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4R4, Canada. Electronic address: jane.buxton@bccdc.ca.
Scott E HadlandDivision of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Mass General for Children, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: shadland@mgh.harvard.edu.
Susan G ShermanDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: ssherman@jhu.edu.
Katie B BielloDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: katie_biello@brown.edu.
Brandon D L MarshallDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: Brandon_Marshall@brown.edu.

Funding

The Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription and Illicit Drug Study (RAPIDS): Responding to Fentanyl and Associated HarmsR01DA047975 · NIDA · BROWN UNIVERSITY · PI MARSHALL, BRANDON DAVID LEWIS · 2019 to 2023
$3.8M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA047975
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPeople experiencing homelessness have been disproportionately affected by the overdose crisis in the United States. We assessed whether an association exists between homelessness and fentanyl test strip (FTS) use to avoid drug overdose among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.

methodsWe recruited 505 participants aged 18-65 from September 2020 to February 2023 as part of the Rhode Island Prescription Illicit Drug Study (RAPIDS). Baseline data assessed correlates of past-month FTS use through bivariate and multivariable analyses. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate the longitudinal association between past-month homelessness and FTS use over 12 months.

resultsAt baseline, 19.3 % of the sample reported having used FTS in the past month, which was more commonly reported by those who were experiencing homelessness (22.6 %) compared to those who were housed (14.4 %), p = 0.021. In bivariable GEE analysis, past month homelessness was not associated with past-month FTS use (OR=1.22, 95 %CI: 0.95--1.56, p = 0.117). In multivariable GEE analysis, homelessness was not associated with FTS use, but regular use of crystal methamphetamine was (aOR = 2.13, 95 %CI: 1.42-3.19; p < 0.001). The odds of FTS use among persons recruited in 2023 increased by 165 % (aOR=2.65, 95 %CI: 1.22-5.76; p < 0.001) compared to those recruited in 2020.

conclusionsWe found that housing status was not independently and longitudinally associated with FTS use; however, people who used crystal methamphetamine were more than twice as likely to have used FTS in the past month. Future research exploring how differential housing situations may affect uptake of harm reduction services is needed to prevent fentanyl overdose.

Indexed as

Drug OverdoseFentanylIll-Housed PersonsOpioid-Related DisordersSubstance Abuse DetectionAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedRhode IslandYoung AdultFentanylDrug checkingDrug overdoseHarm reductionHomelessness

Identifiers

PMID41380585
PMCPMC13528410

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.