ArticleIEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems2026
Towards Closed-Loop Neuromodulation for Type 2 Diabetes With Ex Vivo Validation of Beta-Cell Activity and FOPP Detection.
Article in IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
We present in this paper an implantable closed-loop neuromodulation prototype system for type 2 diabetes (T2D) management, which leverages pancreatic electrophysiology as both a sensing and therapeutic modality. Among candidate biomarkers, the fraction of plateau phase (FOPP) emerges as a robust indicator of glucose dynamics. Hence, the neural interface is optimized for low-power measurement of the electrical activity of the beta-cells with high accuracy in direct readout mode and long-term monitoring in FOPP mode. The experimental framework was established using a perfused pancreas model, first in mice and then optimized for rats, with glucose-dependent signals captured via a custom 16-channel neural interface. Results confirmed the feasibility of extracting FOPP in ex vivo settings, though signal complexity differed from isolated islets in vitro. Additionally, a fabricated 8-channel electrical stimulator with adjustable current levels and optimized charge balancing technique, demonstrated the capability to meet physiological requirements for beta-cell activation. While integration of AI-based classifiers for advanced FOPP-glucose correlation remains a future step, this study establishes the foundational experimental and technological evidence for a next-generation closed-loop neuromodulator.
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