Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41379147›Full record

ArticleDiabetologia2026

Evolution of islet autoantibodies in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) prospective cohort.

Jennifer J Couper, Helena Oakey, Megan A S Penno, John M Wentworth, Kelly Watson, James D Brown, Dao Huynh, Rebecca L Thomson, Maria E Craig, Elizabeth A Davis and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Jennifer J CouperRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. jennifer.couper@adelaide.edu.au.
Helena OakeyRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Megan A S PennoRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
John M WentworthWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Kelly WatsonRoyal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
James D BrownRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Dao HuynhRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Rebecca L ThomsonRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Maria E CraigThe Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Elizabeth A DavisChildren's Diabetes Centre, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
Aveni HaynesChildren's Diabetes Centre, The Kids Research Institute Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
Tony HuynhQueensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Peter J VuillerminDeakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
Georgia SoldatosMonash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Prudence E LopezJohn Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
Grant MorahanHarry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
Kelly McGormRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Ki Wook KimUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Simon BarryRobinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Emma E Hamilton-WilliamsFrazer Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
William D RawlinsonUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Richard SinnottUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Leonard C HarrisonWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Peter AchenbachInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
Peter G ColmanRoyal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
ENDIA Study Group

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisIslet autoantibodies herald early type 1 diabetes. However, less is known of the evolution of autoantibodies to the islet autoantigen ZnT8. Our primary aim was to characterise the development of islet autoantibodies in a pregnancy-birth at-risk cohort and to provide new knowledge about ZnT8A.

methodsIslet autoantibodies were measured every 3-6 months in 1277/1473 children with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes who were followed prospectively from pregnancy in the Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) cohort for 7.0 (IQR 5.8-8.3) years. Islet autoantibodies were also measured in the mothers and/or in cord blood in 901 pregnancies with type 1 diabetes.

resultsThe development of persistent IAA reached a probability of 0.02 by 2 years of age. A combination of IAA- and GADA-first, GADA-first and ZnT8A-first all reached a similar probability by 5 years of age. ZnT8A appeared as the first islet autoantibody, alone or in combination, in 43 (32%) of the 134/1473 children with persistent islet autoantibodies. Persistent single ZnT8A, detected only by ELISA, usually appeared after 4 years of age. ZnT8A that progressed to multiple islet autoantibodies or type 1 diabetes were detected in younger children (p=0.006) and in multiple assay formats. ZnT8A were confirmed in additional assay formats when present with multiple islet autoantibodies, but not when remaining as a single islet autoantibody, unlike IAA and GADA. Maternal islet GADA were detected until 15 months of age and transmission of any islet antibody/autoantibody did not relate to islet autoantibody development in the offspring (χ CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationPersistent single ZnT8A, which are detected only by ELISA and no other test format, appear not to confer an increased risk of progression to type 1 diabetes.

Indexed as

AutoantibodiesAutoimmunityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Islets of LangerhansAdultCation Transport ProteinsChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMalePregnancyProspective StudiesZinc Transporter 8AutoantibodiesCation Transport ProteinsSLC30A8 protein, humanZinc Transporter 8ChildrenIslet autoantibodiesType 1 diabetesZnT8 (zinc transporter 8)

Identifiers

PMID41379147

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.