ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
Oral microbiota-responsive ZIF nanoplatform via double-layer glycans modified combined with PD-1 inhibitor for treatment of microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Harnessing chitosan-based biomaterials for advanced cancer immunotherapy: from nanocarriers to tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Safety, In Vivo Fate, and Degradation of MOF Nanomedicines: Toward Translational Evaluation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Traditional Chinese medicine remodels the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors are integral to contemporary cancer immunotherapy. However, their objective response rate in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (MSS CRC) remains below 5 %. This limited efficacy is primarily due to insufficient tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), a consequence of the combined effects of low tumor immunogenicity and impaired dendritic cell (DC)-mediated antigen presentation. The combination of ursolic acid (Ua) and ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) enhances TIL infiltration by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells and promoting DC maturation. Due to their poor oral bioavailability, an oral ZIF nanoplatform was engineered with a chitosan oligosaccharide (Cos) and inulin (In) bilayer coating [(In/Cos)@Ua-Rg3-ZIF] for targeted delivery of Ua and Rg3 to the CRC microenvironment. Efficient dual-drug co-loading was achieved with a loading efficiency of 24.07 wt%. After oral administration, the (In/Cos) coating protects the formulation from degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while specific enzymatic cleavage by colonic microbiota releases Ua-Rg3-ZIF into tumor tissues. The ZIF platform responds to elevated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the tumor microenvironment, enabling controlled release of Ua and Rg3 to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.