ArticleJournal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open2026
Cardiac Arrest Care on United States Golf Courses-Up to Par Yet?
Article in Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a significant public health issue with a <10% survival rate. Although exercise is beneficial for cardiovascular health, it is also associated with increased risk of OHCA during and immediately after exertion. Golf courses present the fifth most frequent location for OHCA in public settings. Bystander interventions, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use, are crucial for improving survival rates. Despite recommendations from organizations like the Professional Golfers' Association of America recommending AEDs at golfing facilities, AED availability and utilization on golf courses prior to Emergency Medical Services arrival remain unknown. Objectives: This investigation aimed to determine the incidence of OHCA on golf courses and to examine patient demographics, event and golf course characteristics, and their association with bystander CPR provision, AED use, and survival outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study utilized data from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival from 2020 to 2023. Addresses of cardiac arrests in recreational facilities were spatially linked to a comprehensive list of golf course addresses using ArcGIS. Cases identified as occurring in a recreational location, within 400 m of both the incident address and a nearby golf course, were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the frequency of bystander interventions for either CPR or AED use. Secondary outcomes included survival to hospital admission and discharge, and a favorable neurologic outcome (cerebral performance category 1 or 2). Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were employed to examine patient demographics, golf course characteristics, bystander interventions, and patient outcomes. Multivariable regression analysis was also used to assess these associations. Results: A total of 476 OHCA cases were identified on golf courses during the study period. The patients were predominantly male (91.4%, Conclusion: Patients experiencing OHCA on golf courses frequently receive bystander interventions, including both CPR and AED use. OHCA patients on golf courses had high survival rates and excellent neurologic outcomes. This study underscores the benefit of, and critical need for, initiatives promoting CPR and AED resources, as well as comprehensive CPR training and rapid response protocols at golf courses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.