ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Synthesis and Application of Thiourea-Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Formaldehyde Composites for Removal of Crystal Violet Dye.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Textile dye effluents, particularly cationic dyes, pose a major environmental challenge, demanding efficient and sustainable adsorbent materials to remove harmful synthetic dyes. In this study, a reference thiourea-formaldehyde (TU/FA) composite and a series of thiourea-poly(acrylic acid)-formaldehyde (TU/PAA/FA) composites were synthesized and systematically characterized. The composites were prepared by varying the volume of poly(acrylic acid) PAA (from 1 to 7.5 mL) to assess how PAA incorporation influences morphology, crystallinity, surface chemistry, charge, and thermal stability. Analytical techniques including SEM, XRD, FT-IR, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and TGA/DTG revealed that increasing PAA content induced more porous and amorphous microstructures, intensified carbonyl absorption, reduced particle size (optimal at 2.5-5 mL PAA), and shifted the zeta potential from near-neutral to highly negative values (-37 to -41 mV). From TU/PAA/FA composite analysis, it was depicted that the TU/PAA-5/FA material has the better characteristics as a potential cationic dye absorbent. Thus, the adsorption performance of this composite toward crystal violet dye was subsequently investigated and compared to the reference material thiourea-formaldehyde (TU/FA). The TU/PAA-5/FA material exhibited the highest capacity (145 mg/g), nearly twice that of TU/FA (74 mg/g), due to the higher density of carboxylic groups facilitating electrostatic attraction. Adsorption was pH-dependent, maximized at pH 6, and decreased with temperature, confirming an exothermic process. Kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model (R
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