Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41374063›Full record

ArticleNutrients2025

Unintentional Underfuelling and Protein Prioritisation: A Multi-Methods Exploration of Nutrition Practices and Behaviours in Female Endurance Athletes.

Harvey O Fortis, Colum J Cronin, Kelsie O Johnson, Sam O Shepherd, Anthony C Hackney, Juliette A Strauss

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Harvey O FortisResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
Colum J CroninResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1687-4437
Kelsie O JohnsonResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7395-5129
Sam O ShepherdPrecision Fuel and Hydration Ltd., Christchurch BH23 7DX, UK.
Anthony C HackneyDepartment of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7437-6225
Juliette A StraussResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesDespite increasing awareness of best sports nutrition practices, discrepancies persist between knowledge and behaviour amongst female endurance athletes.

methodsTo understand this discrepancy study investigated dietary practices, macronutrient intakes, and influ-encing factors using a multi-method approach. Seventy-two female endurance athletes (42 ± 9 y) completed four-day weighed food diaries, and a subset of twenty athletes (40 ± 10 y) then participated in semi-structured interviews. Quantitative analysis revealed that athletes met the lower end of carbohydrate (CHO) guidelines on rest days (3.0 g·kg

resultsQualitative findings iden-tified barriers to CHO intake, including time constraints, diet culture influences and body image concerns. Social and environmental factors, such as household environments and professional nutrition guidance, played a critical role in behaviours.

conclusionsThese findings highlight the need for practical, evidence-based nutrition interventions to support fe-male endurance athletes. Personalised education addressing CHO requirements, the psychology/emotions around nutrition, and the influence of social environments may bridge the gap between knowledge and practice, optimising both performance and long-term health outcomes.

Indexed as

AthletesDietary ProteinsFeeding BehaviorPhysical EnduranceSports Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaAdultDietDietary CarbohydratesDiet RecordsEnergy IntakeEnergy MetabolismFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansMiddle AgedDietary CarbohydratesDietary Proteinscarbohydrate intakedietary behaviourenduranceenergy availabilityfemale athletesnutrition practicesprotein intakesports nutrition

Identifiers

PMID41374063
PMCPMC12694559

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.