ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Diffusion-Controlled Release of Bromelain from κ-Carrageenan Nanocomposite Hydrogels Reinforced with Bio-Derived Nanofillers.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Nanofibril-Reinforced Injectable and Self-Healing Alginate Dialdehyde/Gelatin Hydrogels with Enhanced Mechanical and Chondrogenic Performance In Vitro.Macromolecular bioscience · 2026Article
- Formulation and Analytical Characterization of Phenprocoumon-Loaded κ-Carrageenan Hydrogels for Controlled-Release Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Role and Potential of Nanotechnology in Improving Solubility and Enhancing Bioavailability.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biopolymer hydrogels are attractive matrices for localised enzyme and drug delivery owing to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled release capacity. In this study, κ-carrageenan hydrogels were engineered as enzyme-delivery systems by reinforcing the matrix with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or chitin nanowhiskers (ChNW) and loading bromelain as a model enzyme. The objective was to evaluate how nanofiller chemistry and morphology influence network structure and release behaviour. Parallel fabrication under identical conditions enabled a direct CNC-ChNW comparison. CNC reinforcement compacted the network and reduced swelling, whereas ChNW produced more hydrated and open architectures. Both fillers enhanced surface wettability, while their concentration modulated bulk hydration and diffusivity. Bromelain release over 24 h followed diffusion-controlled kinetics, tunable by filler type and loading. Quantitative topography and pore-size mapping supported structure-function correlations between morphology and transport. All hydrogels were bio-based, biodegradable, and fully cytocompatible, highlighting their suitability for sustainable biomedical applications. Overall, this work provides a quantitative structure-property-function framework for designing enzyme-active κ-carrageenan systems for tunable bromelain release and related biomedical applications.
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Registered trials
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