Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41373323›Full record

ReviewHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Attachment Classification, Emotion Regulation, and Defense Mechanisms: An Integrative Narrative Review.

Arielle M Morris, Emma Freeberg-Powell, Shivani Verma, Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe, Hunter Crespo, Leon Hoffman, Timothy Rice

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Arielle M MorrisCollege of Medicine, Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY 11203, USA.
Emma Freeberg-PowellSilberman School of Social Work, Hunter College, New York, NY 10035, USA.
Shivani VermaBarnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Mariagrazia Di GiuseppeDepartment of History, Humanities and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
Hunter CrespoDepartment of Psychology, The New School for Social Research, New York, NY 10003, USA.
Leon HoffmanNew York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, New York, NY 10028, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7466-5513
Timothy RiceDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Attachment style and emotion regulation (ER) patterns intertwine. Securely attached individuals employ more adaptive ER strategies, while individuals with avoidant, preoccupied, and disorganized styles rely on less adaptive strategies. Defense mechanisms are part of an experience-near, observable construct that parallels implicit ER. The evaluation of a patient's defense mechanisms may therefore be a means of identifying and understanding the patient's attachment classification. This article synthesizes recent empirical research and theory to delineate relationships among attachment styles, ER, and defense mechanisms. It then examines how development and culture shape attachment, discusses assessment strategies, and offers clinicians guidance for assessing attachment through a defense mechanism orientation. This clinical technique may assist clinicians in informed assessment and treatment and underscores the benefits of further integration of attachment research with that of defense mechanisms.

Indexed as

assessmentattachmentclinical interventionsdefense mechanismsemotion regulationsocial determinants of health

Identifiers

PMID41373323
PMCPMC12691835

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.