ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2025
Mental health and tobacco use as predictors of breastfeeding duration among Virginia mothers.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBreastfeeding offers substantial positive health outcomes for both the mother and infant and has been identified as one of the most effective strategies for promoting infant health; however, the United States falls short in sustained breastfeeding rates. Additionally, with mental health conditions and substance use during pregnancy and the postpartum period affect nearly 1 in every 5 women in the U.S., more research is needed to better understand how these behavioral health factors, along with the co-occurrence of these factors, impact breastfeeding trends.
methodsCross-sectional data from the Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed to assess how maternal mental health and tobacco use before, during, and after pregnancy was associated with breastfeeding duration in Virginia mothers (n = 5,704).
resultsThe simultaneous presence of depression and anxiety symptoms was negatively associated with breastfeeding duration; those who reported both depression and anxiety breastfed their infants nearly three weeks less (M = 10.45, SD = 7.82) than those who reported neither (M = 13.34, SD = 7.76, p < .001). The more timepoints a mother reported depressive symptoms (before, during, and after pregnancy) was associated with statistically significant decreases in average breastfeeding duration (p < .001). Mothers who reported smoking at any timepoint breastfed their babies nearly six weeks less (M = 7.63, SD = 7.49) than mothers who did not smoke (M = 13.4, SD = 7.71, p < .001). However, among smokers, statistically significant improvements in breastfeeding duration were found in those who took initiatives to quit smoking during pregnancy (p < .001). Receiving breastfeeding support from a lactation specialist was protective, especially in smokers, as those who met with a lactation consultant had 3.53 times the odds (95% CI: 2.30, 5.43) of breastfeeding at least 12 weeks. Marital status was also protective, as married women breastfed their infants more than a month longer (M = 14.22, SD = 7.11) than non-married women (M = 9.82, SD = 8.49). Additionally, smoking was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration for those with high anxiety (p = .03), particularly among non-Hispanic Whites, Medicaid enrollees, and mothers with a high school diploma or less.
conclusionEnhanced smoking cessation, lactation support, and behavioral health services may be important for promoting breastfeeding among new mothers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.