ArticleBMC public health2025
Risk factors for long COVID among participants of a population-based study in urban and rural Kenya, 2021.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPost-COVID-19 conditions (PCC) or Long COVID, will linger due to continued circulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the burden and risk factors of PCC could guide development of management guidelines for affected persons.
methodsUsing Population-Based Infectious Disease Surveillance platforms established in Nairobi and Siaya Counties in Kenya, we followed up participants previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 between 01/05/2020 and 30/09/2021 to evaluate the presence and risk factors for PCC. Interviews were conducted from 13/10/2021 to 22/11/2021 to elicit information on the presence of four primary outcome categories: (i) presence of respiratory symptoms, (ii) self-reported non-recovery after SARS-CoV-2 infection, (iii) psychological distress, and (iv) worsening disability. The latter two were evaluated for persons ≥ 18 years old. Risk factors assessed included participants' demographic and clinical characteristics. Logistic regression models were developed for each outcome adjusted for household-level clustering.
resultsCharacteristics of the 832 participants from both sites were as follows; 82.7% were < 50 years, 59.3% were female, 5/511 (1.0%) were vaccinated with ≥ 1 dose of COVID vaccine. For the outcomes, 174/832 (20.9%) had respiratory symptoms, 165/793 (20.8%) reported non-recovery following SARS-CoV-2 infection, 152/511 (29.7%) had psychological distress, while 112/511 (21.9%) had a worsening disability. Females had greater odds of reported non-recovery from COVID-19 illness than males, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.47 (95%CI, 1.01-2.13). Underlying medical conditions was a significant risk factor for all outcomes: for presence of respiratory symptoms, aOR = 1.82 (95% CI, 1.16-2.87), for reported non-recovery, aOR = 1.93 (95% CI, 1.24-3.02), for psychological distress aOR = 1.87 (95%CI, 1.17-2.99), while for worsening disability aOR = 2.58 (95% CI, 1.54-4.34). Other significant predictors included living in the Asembo site associated with psychological distress (aOR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.42-3.53), worsening disability (aOR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.43-3.97), and presence of respiratory illness (aOR = 2.44; 95% CI, 1.67-3.56).
conclusionPCC were found in approximately one-fifth to one-third of participants with the presence of underlying medical conditions being a common risk factor in all outcomes. Advocacy for the prioritization of interventions such as vaccination of persons with underlying medical conditions could consequently result in a reduction in the risk of PCC.
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