Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41372270›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Comparative evaluation and simulation of blockchain consensus mechanisms for secure and scalable peer to peer energy trading in microgrids.

G B Bhavana, R Anand, J Ramprabhakar, Josep M Guerrero, Nishant Thakkar, A Ambikapathy

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Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

G B BhavanaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India. r_anand@blr.amrita.edu.
R AnandDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India. bl.en.ideee21001@bl.students.amrita.edu.
J RamprabhakarDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Bengaluru, India.
Josep M GuerreroHuanjiang Laboratory, Center for Research on Microgrids(CROM), Zhejiang University, Zhuji, Shaoxing, 311800, Zhejiang, China.
Nishant ThakkarHuanjiang Laboratory, Center for Research on Microgrids(CROM), Zhejiang University, Zhuji, Shaoxing, 311800, Zhejiang, China.
A AmbikapathyDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ITS Engineering College, Greater Noida, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Integration of renewable-energy (RE) sources of energy into local microgrids, decentralised energy markets using blockchain based peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is gaining more traction due to its ability to enable transparent, autonomous, and secure transactions among distributed energy resources (DERs). Due to the large variety in microgrid topologies and their respective operational constraints, a key challenge to obtaining the most effective trading framework is the choice of blockchain consensus protocol that suits a given microgrid type. Choice of consensus mechanism solely affects the reliability and security of a network. This paper presents a quantitative comprehensive evaluation of various blockchain consensus mechanisms such as Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), Proof-of-Elapsed-Time (PoET), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Raft, and Tendermint to determine their suitability for P2P energy trading in microgrids. Various metrics such as fault tolerance, energy efficiency, latency, throughput and consensus time were evaluated for multiple consensus mechanisms through simulations. This paper also studies node-scaling impact on the protocols and presents a final decision framework to match the suitable protocol with various microgrid topologies.

Indexed as

BlockchainConsensus protocolsEnergy efficiencyP2P tradingSmart contracts

Identifiers

PMID41372270
PMCPMC12695903

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.