ArticleScientific reports2025
Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in zero-dose children aged 12-23 months in India.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Clinical and laboratory characteristics of criticalFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Children who do not receive the preliminary dose of the DTP-containing vaccine are likely to be known as zero-dose, occurring due to limited access to healthcare services and several sociodemographic patterns. In India, 6.67% points (pp) of children remain zero-dose, and a significant inequality exists due to socioeconomic factors. Therefore, this study measures the magnitude of the socioeconomic gap and quantifies the key determinants that contribute to the zero-dose inequality using the National Family Health Survey fifth round (NFHS-5) data. A cross-sectional sampling data of 41,132 children aged 12-23 months was considered to employ several descriptive statistics, including a chi-squared test. We utilized the Wagstaff concentration curve (WCC) and concentration index (WCI) to represent the zero-dose inequality. Afterwards, WCI was decomposed to determine the major contributing factors to the socioeconomic gap in zero-dose. The overall prevalence of zero-dose children was 6.67 pp, and a socioeconomic gap in zero-dose by the household wealth index was 3.68 pp between the poorest and the richest. The WCI value for zero-dose due to the wealth index was - 0.12 (p < 0.001), revealed 25.15% of the inequality was contributed by the wealth index, 12.48% by maternal education, 11.57% by media exposure, 10.74% by antenatal care (ANC) visits, and 10.05% by place of children's delivery. To reduce zero-dose among children, multi-dimensional interventions and strategies are needed to address not only economic deprivation but also disparities in maternal health education, access to healthcare, and informational reach. While wealth-related inequality is evident, the wealth index captures broader household assets and living conditions beyond income. Similarly, media exposure may reflect extended access to health-related knowledge, including immunization. Strengthening maternal education, improving ANC coverage, enhancing service delivery, and outreach in underserved areas are crucial steps toward equitable immunization coverage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.