ArticleScience advances2025
Direct imaging of facet development during growth of single-crystal covalent organic frameworks.
Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Single-crystal covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have received increasing interest due to their well-defined structures and exceptional performance. However, the reaction pathways of the facet development during growth of single-crystal COFs remains unclear, limiting the regulation of their shapes and functions. We report the dynamic imaging of the facet development during single-crystal COF-300 microcrystal growth using in situ dark-field optical microscopy. Our observations reveal that the concentration of terephthalaldehyde (BDA) linkers not only influences the morphology of the primary COF-300 crystal seeds but also governs the facet evolution, leading to the generation of differently shaped COF-300 microcrystals. Mechanistic studies reveal that the observed shape evolution of COF-300 single crystals arises from distinct kinetically or thermodynamically controlled growth pathways, depending on the BDA concentration. Moreover, we uncover the shape-dependent deformation capacity after solvent uptake, demonstrating the impact of COF-300 crystal morphology on its performance. These discoveries elucidate the COF facet transition mechanism and offer guidance for the future design of single-crystal COFs.
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