Trial reportInternational journal of clinical oncology2026
Intraperitoneal nivolumab for malignant ascites in patients with advanced gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary tract cancer.
Trial report in International journal of clinical oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05745233 (The Effect of Intraperitoneal Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor on Malignant Ascites of Patients With Gastric, Pancreatic or Biliary Tract Cancer), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Intraperitoneal Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor on Malignant Ascites of Patients With Gastric, Pancreatic or Biliary Tract Cancer
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Divergent clonal evolution and tumor microenvironment remodeling shape gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis.Communications biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMalignant ascites occur in 10-15% of patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers. The abundance of immune cells in the peritoneum and ascitic fluid, along with the immunosuppressive environment created by cancer cells, suggests the potential utility of intraperitoneal (IP) immune checkpoint inhibitors for controlling malignant ascites.
methodsPatients with gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary tract cancer and cytologically confirmed malignant ascites received IP nivolumab. Twenty mg of nivolumab diluted in 100 mL of saline was infused into the peritoneal cavity over 10 min following paracentesis. IP treatment was repeated after each subsequent paracentesis until deemed ineffective by the treating physician, upon the occurrence of unacceptable toxicity, or discontinued at the patient's request. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05745233).
resultsThe median age of the nine enrolled patients was 55 years. Underlying malignancies included pancreatic (n = 4), biliary tract (n = 3), and gastric cancers (n = 2). After a median of 3 (range: 2-5) treatment cycles, seven patients (77.8%) showed a clinical response, as evidenced by reduced ascitic fluid and prolonged intervals between paracenteses. The only adverse effect observed was grade 1 tenderness at the puncture sites. Reduction in tumor cell count in ascites, rather than changes in the total lymphocyte count or lymphocyte subpopulations, correlated with clinical response. Responders consistently exhibited increased vascular endothelial growth factor A and decreased interleukin-1α levels following nivolumab administration.
conclusionIntraperitoneal administration of nivolumab effectively controlled malignant ascites with minimal adverse effects. However, further validation in a larger cohort is required.
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