ArticleTropical animal health and production2025
Molecular evidence of fatal theileriosis in pastoralic Gaddi breed goats in Himachal Pradesh, North India: cladistics and population structure analysis.
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Abstract
Theileriosis is a crucial haemoprotozoan infection in small and large ruminants in tropical and subtropical countries, including India. Various pathogenic and opportunistic Theileria species influence the productivity of small ruminants. The present study aimed at molecular characterization, cladistics, and population structure analysis of fatal Theileria species infecting Gaddi breed goats in Himachal Pradesh, India. The blood samples collected (n = 10) from goats (in a flock/herd of 152 sheep and 100 goats) exhibiting clinical signs were subjected to microscopic examination. The molecular characterization, cladistics, and population structure analysis of the Theileria species observed in the present study were performed by targeting the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene. Upon microscopy, all the blood samples showed the presence of Theileria piroplasms. The amplification of the 18S rRNA gene revealed a product size of approximately 550 bp, which confirmed the presence of the Theileria genus. The BLASTn analysis of the sequences generated herein showed 99.81–100, 100, and 98.12–100% similarity to GenBank-archived sequences of Theileria sinensis, T. ovis, and T. luwenshuni, respectively. The cladistics revealed the presence of different clades in Indian T. luwenshuni and T. ovis populations, further promulgating genetic diversity. A high haplotype (0.593 ± 0.010 and 0.530 ± 0.086) and low nucleotide (0.1851 ± 0.0484 and 0.2713 ± 0.0413) diversities were recorded for T. luwenshuni and T. ovis sequences of Indian origin, exhibiting a rapid demographic expansion. Theileria sinensis recorded in the present study ascertained the occurrence and transboundary transmission of this emerging parasite in a new host (goats) in North India. The findings of the present study highlighted that different species of Theileria genus are circulating in the small ruminants of Himachal Pradesh, India. The transmission dynamics of different Theileria species in small ruminants with their vectors could be further unravelled through large-scale comprehensive investigations.
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