Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41369439›Full record

ReviewNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025

The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives.

Iliana Christoforou, Anastasios Kalatzis, Angeliki Siamidi, Marilena Vlachou, Stergios Pispas, Natassa Pippa

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Nanosomes in Precision Nanomedicine (Second Edition).Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Iliana ChristoforouSection of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
Anastasios KalatzisSection of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0009-0001-4732-5772
Angeliki SiamidiSection of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-8664-408X
Marilena VlachouSection of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-2927-705X
Stergios PispasTheoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-5347-7430
Natassa PippaSection of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-1197-9010

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been extensively utilized in drug formulations due to its multifunctional properties, i.e., hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. The roles played by PEG (as a drug delivery carrier and a solubilizer) improve the dissolution profile of several active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), leading to an improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) profile. Moreover, PEG aids in upgrading the existing mechanical properties (as a binding agent, a plasticizer, etc.). Furthermore, PEG, due to its unique ability to provide "stealth" properties, is a valuable tool in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Exploiting physicochemical variables, PEG acts as a coating/conjugation component of nanocarriers for ameliorating permeability and enhancing in vivo circulation without clearance by the body's immune system. Additionally, PEG's presence at the target site decreases external interactions and enhances the pharmacological attributes in terms of loading efficiency and controlled release. Nevertheless, cases of hypersensitivity or allergy, as well as anaphylactic shocks and allergic reactions, have been detected. The topic of this article is the exploitation of PEG's physicochemical properties in the study of drug delivery, focusing on solid dosage forms and nanovesicles, along with the evaluation of its contribution to the fabrication of safe delivery and theragnostic systems.

Indexed as

active pharmaceutical ingredientdrug deliverydrug releasehydrophilicitynanocarriersPEGsolid dosage forms

Identifiers

PMID41369439
PMCPMC12693107

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.