SynthesisEpigenetics2025
Strength of evidence for paternal influence on offspring epigenome in observational human studies: a systematic review and risk-of-bias appraisal for non-randomized exposures.
Synthesis in Epigenetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Paternal influence on the offspring epigenome is difficult to interpret in observational human studies due to heterogeneous designs, causing varying susceptibility to bias and non-causal explanations. We conducted a systematic review (CRD42022302695) of paternal exposures before or during pregnancy in relation to the offspring epigenome, focusing on characteristics affecting causal interpretation and reproducibility. We searched three electronic databases for human studies published between 2003 and 2023. Eligible studies assessed paternal factors before or during pregnancy as exposures, and epigenetic mechanisms as outcomes. Risk of bias (RoB) was evaluated using ROBINS-E. The most frequently studied paternal factors were BMI/obesity (7), age (7), smoking (5), and socioeconomic status (SES) (4). All 28 studies assessed DNA methylation; two additionally explored miRNA expression. Most studies were rated 'high' or 'very high' RoB, primarily due to unclear exposure measurement and confounding. Findings showed limited overlap in CpG sites and genomic regions across studies. However, exposures that were stable (
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