ArticlePediatric obesity2026
Central Adiposity, Rather Than in Utero Exposure to Maternal Obesity or Gestational Diabetes, Predicts Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Children Aged 4-10 Years.
Article in Pediatric obesity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChildren born to mothers with obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) face elevated risks of central adiposity and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including metabolic syndrome (MetS) and systemic inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether these risks are primarily driven by current adiposity or by in utero exposure. This study investigated associations between waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and continuous MetS (cMetS) scores in children, and evaluated whether in utero exposure to maternal obesity or GDM moderated these relationships. Associations between cMetS and cardiometabolic biomarkers were also examined.
methodsChildren were grouped by maternal early-pregnancy weight status and GDM diagnosis: (1) normal weight without GDM, (2) overweight/obesity without GDM, and (3) overweight/obesity with GDM. WC was classified as < 85th or ≥ 85th percentile; WHtR as < 0.5 or ≥ 0.5. cMetS scores were computed with and without the WC component. Group differences and associations were assessed using ANCOVA and correlation analyses.
resultsWC and WHtR were strong predictors of cMetS, independent of in utero exposure group. Children with WC ≥ 85th percentile or WHtR ≥ 0.5 had significantly higher cMetS scores (p < 0.0001), even when WC was excluded from the cMetS calculation. cMetS was inversely correlated with adiponectin and positively correlated with leptin, the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, HOMA-IR, CRP, and IL-6 (all p < 0.01).
conclusionsCentral adiposity-indexed by WC or WHtR-rather than in utero exposure, is the primary driver of cardiometabolic risk. Associations between cMetS and cardiometabolic biomarkers underscore insulin resistance and adipose tissue dysfunction as key mechanisms underlying MetS in children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.