ArticleCureus2025
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Tumor Budding: Emerging Prognostic Markers in Breast Cancer.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Digital Pathology and the AI-Based Quantification of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Tumor Budding and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) remains a significant global health burden. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) reflect the host's anti-tumor immunity and are associated with favorable outcomes, whereas tumor budding (TB) is a marker of tumor aggressiveness. This study aimed to assess TILs and TB in IBC-NST and correlate them with clinicopathological parameters. Methods This retrospective study included 90 (100%) cases of IBC-NST. Stromal TILs (sTILs) and intratumoral TILs (iTILs) were quantified on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections per international guidelines. Tumor buds were counted at the invasive front and classified into low- and high-grade budding. Associations between TILs, TB, and clinicopathological features were analyzed using chi-squared and correlation tests. Results Among 90 cases, 89 (98.8%) were IBC-NST. Both sTILs and iTILs decreased with higher tumor grade, larger size, and increased mitotic count, with statistically significant associations for grade and mitosis (p < 0.05). High-grade TB was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (35/53, 66.0%), higher tumor grade (50/78, 64.1%), tumor size > 5 cm (23/27, 85.2%), and lymphovascular invasion (32/42, 76.19%) (p < 0.05 for all). A moderate but non-significant positive correlation was noted between sTILs and TB (r = 0.163, p = 0.124). Conclusion Higher TIL levels correlate with favorable tumor characteristics, while increased TB reflects aggressive histological features. A combined evaluation of TILs and TB provides valuable prognostic insights and may assist in stratifying breast cancer patients for tailored therapeutic approaches.
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